Glossary of Terms Frequently Used in Economic and Demographic Data

Prepared by the Indiana Business Research Center at Indiana University's Kelley School of Business and extracted from the Indiana Factbook 1998/1999.

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A

Age—Age data are needed to interpret most social and economic characteristics and are used to plan and examine many programs and policies. Census counts are available every ten years and provide the most detailed information by age and other characteristics and are available generally for even the smallest geographic units (and available on CD/ROM or through the Census Lookup at www.census.gov. Estimates are available annually but are restricted just to age by sex for five-year groupings (for example, 0-4, 5-9, etc.) And what are commonly called "functional" age groups - pre-school, school age, young adult, adults, older persons. These Census Bureau estimates are available at the national, state and county levels only.

Age Dependency Ratio—The ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population.

Aggregation—A process of grouping unique data. The aggregated data set has a smaller number of elements than the input data set.

African-American—Many Americans of African descent use this term of identification. Many Federal and State agencies still use the descriptor "black" for this race group and it is the term that is used on the Census 2000 questionnaire.

AFDC—Aid to Families with Dependent Children. This program of providing cash assistance to very low-income families with children is now called TANF - Temporary Assistance to Needy Families.

Aleut—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Aleut" or reported entries such as Alutiiq, Egegik, and Pribilovian.

American Indian—Includes persons who indicated their race as "American Indian," entered the name of an Indian tribe, or reported such entries as Canadian Indian, French-American Indian, or Spanish-American Indian.

Area—The size, in square miles, recorded for each geographic entity. Square miles may be multiplied by 2.59 to convert an area measurement to square kilometers. Land Area was calculated by the Census Bureau from the specific set of boundaries recorded for each entity in its geographic data base.

Asian—Includes persons who classified themselves as such in one of the following specific race categories: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Other Asian.

Asian-American—People with Asian or Pacific Island origins. For more detail, see Race.

Average—The number found by dividing the sum of all quantities by the total number of quantities. For example, Aggregate Income divided by Total Households equals Average Household Income.

Average Earnings Per Job—A statistical measurement calculated by dividing total earnings by the number of jobs.

Average Household Income—The average or mean income is obtained by dividing total household income by the total number of households. Because the average is influenced strongly by extreme values in the distribution, it is especially susceptible to the effects of sampling variability.

Average Household Size—The average number of persons residing within a household in a particular area. It is computed by dividing the total population in households by the total number of occupied housing units in that area. This figure excludes persons living in so-called group quarters, such as dormitories, nursing homes, or prisons.

Average Income of Households—Includes the income of the householder and all other persons 15 years and over in the household, whether related to the householder or not. Because many households consists of only one person, average household income is usually less than average family income.

B

Baby Boom—A dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number of births during the period following World War II, generally gauged as the time period 1947 to 1964.

Baby Bust—A rapid decline in U.S. fertility rates to record-low levels during the period immediately after the baby boom.

Base Map—A map containing geographic features used for locational reference. Roads, for example, are found on base maps.

Birth Rate—Generally, the number of births per 1,000 population in a given year (births / total population x 1000).

Births—Births are tabulated by the residence of the mother, even if the birth occurred out of county or out of state.

Black—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Black or Negro" or reported entries such as African American, Afro-American, Black Puerto Rican, Jamaican, Nigerian, West Indian, or Haitian. (The Factbook opted for the now more widely used African-American).

Block Group—Combination of census blocks that is a subdivision of a census tract or block numbering area (BNA). A block group consists of all blocks whose numbers begin with the same digit in a given census tract or BNA; for example, BG 3 within a census tract or BNA includes all blocks numbered between 301 and 399. The BG is the lowest level of geography for which the Census Bureau has tabulated sample data in the 1990 census; it was used to tabulate sample data in the 1970 and 1980 censuses only for those areas that had block numbers.

Borough—Type of governmental unit, in Alaska, that is the primary legal subdivision of the organized portion of the state, similar to a county in other states. In New York, a functioning MCD; the boroughs are the five entities, one for each county, that together constitute New York City. In Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, an incorporated place; In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, also a county subdivision. See also census area.

Boundary File—Boundary files represent bounded regions, such as a country, a state, or a census tract. Each object in a boundary file is a bounded region. For example, in a U.S. file, each state is represented by a separate polygon.

C

Census Area—Statistical equivalent of a county in Alaska. Census areas are delineated cooperatively by the state of Alaska and the Census Bureau for statistical purposes in the portion of Alaska not within an organized borough; they were first used in the 1980 census. See also borough.

Census Block—The smallest geographical area, bounded by visible boundaries, for which census data are collected. Census blocks make up census block groups that make up census tracts.

Census Block Group—Subdivisions of census tracts, each representing 250-350 Housing Units.

Census Designated Place—Statistical entity, defined for each decennial census according to Census Bureau guidelines, comprising a densely settled concentration of population that is not within an incorporated place, but is locally identified by name. CDPs are delineated cooperatively by state and local officials and the Census Bureau, following Census Bureau guidelines. These entities were called unincorporated places for the 1940 through 1970 censuses.

Census Tract—A small, permanent subdivision of a county with homogeneous population characteristics, status and living conditions.

Census Tract Number—Four-digit number, possibly with a two-digit suffix, used to identify a census tract. Census tract numbers are always unique within a county and usually unique within a Metropolitan Area. Almost all census tract numbers range from 0001 to 9499. Leading zeros are not shown on the Census Bureau's maps or in its printed reports.

Centroid—The center of a map object.

City—Type of incorporated place in 49 states and the District of Columbia. In 23 states, some or all cities are not part of any MCD, and the Census Bureau also treats these as county subdivisions, statistically equivalent to MCDs.

Civilian Labor Force—All persons 16 years old and older, excluding members of the Armed Forces, who are either employed or unemployed but actively looking for work and available to accept employment.

Commuting—These data from the census show the county of destination for work, based on the census question "where did you work last week." Commuting patterns will be affected by the type of job—for example, people in sales and construction work in many different counties and states.

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area—Geographic entity defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use by Federal statistical agencies. An area becomes a CMSA if it meets the requirements to qualify as a metropolitan statistical area (MSA), has a population of 1,000,000 or more, if component parts are recognized as primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs), and local opinion favors the designation. Whole counties are components of CMSAs outside of New England, where they are composed of cities and towns instead.

Constant Dollars—Dollar values adjusted to reflect inflation, usually as measured by the Consumer Price Index. The term constant dollars is often used interchangeablely with the term real dollars. Comparing information presented in constant dollars is especially useful for determining the amount of real growth that has occurred, with the effects of inflation removed.

Consumer Price Index—A concept developed by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is used to measure average changes in prices over time of a fixed market basket of goods and services. Regional CPIs such as that for the Washington, DC area cannot be used to compare cost of living differences among regions.

Contract Rent—Contract rent is the monthly rent agreed to or contracted for, regardless of any furnishings, utilities, fees, meals, or services that may be included.

County—The primary political administrative subdivision of a state, the county is widely used for marketing purposes for the following reasons: 1) The range and reliability of currently available data below the state level is greatest at the county level. 2) County geographic boundaries are rarely altered. 3) Complete national coverage is achieved by summarizing all counties. 4) County boundaries are readily identifiable.

Covered Employment — Essentially those jobs covered by State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and for civilian workers covered by the program of Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE). The covered Employment and Wages program (aka ES-202), is a cooperative effort of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and state employment agencies.

D

Data Source—The organization or agency that collected, tabulated and provided the data to STATS Indiana.

Death Rate—The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year (deaths / total population x 1000).

Deaths—Deaths are tabulated by the residence of the deceased, even if the death occurred out of county or out of state.

Density—Population divided by the county's square miles of land area. A simple basis for relating population to a county's size. Thus, two counties with the same population can have sharply divergent densities because of difference in land area. The figure may suffer because the land area will include railroad freight yards, wildlife preserves, industrial parks and other nonresidential areas, resulting in a misleading density level.

Disposable Personal Income—Disposable personal income is personal income less personal tax and non-tax payments. It is the income available to persons for spending or saving.

E

Earnings—This income measure is the sum of wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, and proprietors' income. It is often used in regional economic analysis to serve as a proxy for income generated from participation in current production. The measure "net earnings" is earnings less personal contributions for social insurance. These contributions are included in earnings by type and industry, but they are not included in personal income; therefore, they are subtracted from earnings in the computation of personal income as the sum of earnings, plus dividends, interest, and rent, plus transfer payments.

Educational Attainment—The Education Attainment category provides data based on those households with individuals, usually described for the adult population 25 years of age or older but also collected by the Census Bureau for 18 and older. This category is displayed in the Demographic Trend reports. The educational attainment bundle includes the following variables; Associate Degree, Bachelor's Degree, Grade 9-12, Graduate Degree, High School Graduate, Less that Grade 9, and Some College no Degree. Data source US Census.

High School Graduate or Higher—Includes persons whose highest degree was a high school diploma or its equivalent, persons who attended college or professional school, and persons who received a college, university, or professional degree. Persons who reported completing the 12th grade but not receiving a diploma are not included.

Employed—Those persons 16 years old and older who are currently holding income producing jobs.

Employment—Employment can refer to either a person or a job. If it is person-based, then it is also based on where that person resides. If it is job based, it is based on the location of the job. Keep in mind that one person can have more than one job. There are many sources for employment numbers. Those from the decennial census count the number of people with jobs at the time of enumeration. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates people working (employed) or looking for work (unemployed) and estimates the number of jobs by industry based on covered employment. The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates the number of jobs by industry (by place of work) and also includes sole proprietors (which BLS does not). Caution is urged when "mixing" sources, since each agency uses different estimation methods and therefore have somewhat different numbers.

Full-Time Employment—The employment status of an individual who works 35 or more hours per week at an income producing job.
Part-Time Employment—The employment status of an individual who works less than 35 hours per week at an income producing job.

Eskimo—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Eskimo" or reported entries such as Arctic Slope, Inupiat, and Yupik.

F

Family—A family consists of a householder and one or more other persons living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. All persons in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. Families are classified by type as either a "married-couple family" or "other family" according to the sex of the householder and the presence of relatives.

Family Income—A concept developed by the US Bureau of the Census. It refers to the combined gross money income of all members of a family living in the same household.

FIPS—Standardized system of numeric and/or alphabetic coding issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency in the US Department of Commerce, for use by the Federal Government and others. FIPS codes are assigned for a variety of geographic entities, including American Indian and Alaska Native area, congressional district, county, county subdivision, metropolitan area, place, and state.

FIPSa—The basic geographic code formats published in FIPS publications (FIPS PUBS) are (1) states-two digits, (2) counties and county equivalents-three digits, (3) metropolitan areas-four digits; CMSAs have two-digit codes, (4) congressional districts-two digits, (5) named populated places, primary county divisions, and other locational entities used to assign codes to places, county subdivisions, and AIANAs-five digits.
FIPSb—The objective of the FIPS code is to improve the use of data and avoid unnecessary duplication and incompatibilities in the collection, processing, and dissemination of data.

Food Stamp Program—A federal program designed to raise the nutritional level of low-income households by providing coupons for food items.

Full-Time Employment—The employment status of an individual who works 35 or more hours per week at an income producing job.

G

Gender—The sex of the population being shown can is usually described as "by sex", but can also be described as "by gender", meaning male and female.

Geocoding—Geocoding is the process of assigning to a street address a latitude and longitude coordinate and/or geographic codes that associate an address to census geography-such as a block group, census tract, or county.

Geographic Data—The location and descriptions of geographic features. The composite of spatial data and descriptive data.

GIS—A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer software system with which spatial information may be captured, stored, analyzed, displayed and retrieved.

Group Quarters—All persons not living in households. (Prisons, nursing homes, college dormitories, jails and halfway houses are part of this category of housing as defined by the US Census Bureau. Most population figures include this population.) Two general categories of group quarters are recognized: (1) institutionalized persons under formally authorized, supervised care or custody in institutions such as correctional institutions and nursing homes at the time of enumeration, and (2) other persons in group quarters which includes all persons who live in group quarters other than institutions or persons who live in living quarters when there are 10 or more unrelated persons living in the unit.

H

Hispanic Origin—The census term generally used to describe persons who classify themselves as being of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or "other Spanish/Hispanic" origin. Persons of "other Spanish/Hispanic" origin are those whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, or the Dominican Republic, or are persons of Hispanic origin identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, Hispanic, Hispano, Latino, and so on. Origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. Where households or families are classified by Hispanic origin, the Hispanic origin of the householder is customarily used. NOTE: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Household Types and Relationships:

Household—A household includes all the persons who occupy a housing unit. A household may be comprised of one or more families, one or more unrelated individuals, or a combination of families and unrelated individuals. In 100-percent tabulations, the count of households or householders always equals the count of occupied housing units. In sample tabulations, the numbers may differ as a result of the weighting process.
Family—A family consists of a householder and one or more other persons living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. All persons in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. Families are classified by type as either a "married-couple family" or "other family" according to the sex of the householder and the presence of relatives.
Married-Couple Family—A family in which the householder and his or her spouse are enumerated as members of the same household.
Other Family:

Male Householder, No Wife Present—A family with a male householder and no spouse of householder present; with or without children.
Female Householder, No Husband Present—A family with a female householder and no spouse of householder present; with or without children.
Child—Includes a son or daughter by birth, a stepchild, or adopted child of the householder, regardless of the child's age or marital status. The category excludes sons-in-law, daughters-in-law, and foster children.
Natural-Born or Adopted Son/Daughter—A son or daughter of the householder by birth, regardless of the age of the child. Also, this category includes sons or daughters of the householder by legal adoption, regardless of the age of the child. If the stepson/stepdaughter of the householder has been legally adopted by the householder, the child is still classified as a stepchild.
Stepson/Stepdaughter—A son or daughter of the householder through marriage but not by birth, regardless of the age of the child. If the stepson/stepdaughter of the householder has been legally adopted by the householder, the child is still classified as a stepchild.
Own Child—A never-married child under 18 years who is a son or daughter by birth, a stepchild, or an adopted child of the householder. In certain tabulations, own children are further classified as living with two parents or with one parent only. Own children of the householder living with two parents are by definition found only in married-couple families.
"Related children"—in a family include own children and all other persons under 18 years of age in the household, regardless of marital status, who are related to the householder, except the spouse of the householder. Foster children are not included.
Non-relatives—Includes any household member, including foster children not related to the householder by birth, marriage or adoption. Examples are roomer, boarder, foster child, housemate or roomate, or unmarried partner.

Householder—Includes the person or one of the persons in whose name the home is owned, being bought or rented, and who is listed in column 1 of the census questionnaire.

Housing Unit—A house, apartment, mobile home or trailer, a group of rooms or a single room occupied or intended to be occupied as separate living quarters.

Household Income/Income of Households—Includes the income of the householder and all other persons 15 years old and over in the household, whether related to the householder or not. The household income can be comprised of the gross money income earned by one or more families, one or more unrelated individuals, or a combination of families and unrelated individuals who occupy a single housing unit. Because many households consist of only one person, average household income is usually less than average family income.

I

Income—Income is the generally the aggregate of wages and salaries, net farm and non-farm self-employment income, interest, dividends, net rental and royalty income, Social Security and railroad retirement income, other retirement and disability income, public assistance income, unemployment compensation, Veterans Administration payments, alimony and child support, military family allotments, net winnings from gambling, and other periodic income. There are various sources of income data, the primary ones being the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

J, K, L

Jobs—Jobs, or employment, is place-of-work based; that is, the job is estimated or counted based on the location of the employer.

Labor Force—All persons 16 years old and older who are either employed or unemployed but actively looking for work and available to accept employment, plus the members of the Armed Forces.

Latitude—Used to describe the North-South position of a point as measured usually in degrees or decimal degrees above or below the equator. Latitude lines are the horizontal lines on a map that increase form 0 degrees at the Equator to 90 degrees at both the North (+90.0 degrees) and South (-90.0 degrees) poles.

Layer—Basic element of a map. A map typically consists of several superimposed layers. Each map layer refers to one specific table of information.

Legend—The reference area on a map that lists and explains the colors, symbols, line patterns, shadings, and annotation used on the map. The legend often includes the scale, origin, orientation, and other map information.

Longitude—Used to describe the East-West position of a point. The position is reported as the number of degrees east (to -180.0 degrees) or west (to +180.0 degrees) of the prime meridian (0 degrees). Represented by vertical lines running from the North to South poles. Lines of longitude are farthest apart at the Equator and intersect at both poles, and therefore, are not parallel.

M

Manufacturing—This industry group includes (1) durable goods such as lumber and wood, furniture and fixtures, primary metal, fabricated metal, machinery, electric and electronic equipment, transportation equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, stone, clay, and glass, and instruments and (2) non durable goods such as food, textile mills, apparel, paper, chemicals, petroleum, rubber and plastics.

Map—An abstract representation of the physical features of a portion of the Earth's surface graphically displayed on a planar surface. Maps display signs, symbols, and spatial relationships among the features. They typically emphasize, generalize, and omit certain features from the display to meet design objectives (e.g., railroad features might be included in a transportation map but omitted from a highway map).

Marital Status—The marital status classification refers to the status at the time of enumeration for persons 15 years old and over. Couples who live together (unmarried persons, persons in common-law marriages) were allowed to report the marital status they considered the most appropriate.

Never Married—Includes all persons who have never been married, including persons whose only marriage(s) was annulled.
Ever Married—Includes persons married at the time of enumeration (including those separated), widowed, or divorced.
Now Married, Except Separated—Includes persons whose current marriage has not ended through widowhood, divorce, or separation (regardless of previous marital history). The category may also include couples who live together or persons in common-law marriages if they consider this category the most appropriate.
Separated—Includes persons legally separated or otherwise absent from their spouse because of marital discord. Included are persons who have been deserted or who no longer live together but have not obtained a divorce.
Widowed—Includes widows and widowers who have not remarried.
Divorced—Includes persons who are legally divorced and who have not remarried.

Median—The middle value in an ordered range of numbers. The median divides a distribution into two equal parts, one half having values above and one half having values below the middle value.

Median Age—This measure divides the age distribution into two equal parts: one half of the cases falling below the median value and one-half above the value.
Median Income—The median divides the income distribution into two equal parts, one having incomes above the median and the other having incomes below the median. For households and families, the median income is based on the distribution of the total number of units, including those with no income.

Mean—Usually referred to as an average, e.g., the average income of the area was $25,000. The average (or mean) is skewed by the highest and lowest values. It is derived by dividing the sum of a group of numerical items (or aggregate) by the total number of items. Aggregates are used in computing mean values. For example, mean family income is obtained by dividing the aggregate of all income reported by persons in families by the total number of families.

Mean Income—The mean is obtained by dividing total household income by the total number of households.

Meridian—A line running vertically from the north pole to the south pole along which all locations have the same longitude. The Prime Meridian (0) runs through Greenwich, England. From the Prime Meridian, measures of longitude are negative to the west and positive to the east up to 180, halfway around the globe.

Metropolitan Statistical Area—A geographic area with a significant population nucleus, along with any adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. Qualification of an MSA requires the presence of a city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or the presence of a Urban Area and a total population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England).

Migration—The movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semipermanent residence. Divided into international migration (migration between countries) and internal or domestic migration (migration within a country).

Money Income—The Bureau of the Census uses a "money income" concept as the basis for its per capita income estimate. Money income is the sum of all sources of cash income including wages and salaries, income earned through self employment and farming, interest, dividends, and rental income, social security payments, disability payments, pensions, alimony and child support, winnings from gambling, and other cash income sources.

N

Natural Increase/Decrease—The surplus of births over deaths in a given time period. If there are more deaths than births, it is referred to as natural decrease.

NECMA—The U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), a division of the government's Office of Management and Budget, designates these alternative areas, composed of whole counties, in the six New England states for use with data not available below the county level. A NECMA includes, in addition to the county containing the principal central city of an MSA, any other county with at least half its population in that MSA.

Net Migration—The net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period, expressed as an increase or decrease.

O

Other Labor Income—This component of personal income consists of employer payments to privately administered pension and profit-sharing plans, private group health and life insurance plans, privately administered workers' compensation plans, supplemental unemployment benefit plans, corporate directors' fees, and several minor categories of employee compensation, including judicial fees to jurors and witnesses and compensation of prisoners.

Owner-Occupied—A dwelling unit that is either owned or being purchased by a household member, including mortgaged units.

P

Pacific Islander—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Pacific Islander" or reported entries such as: Hawaiian, Samoan, Guamanian, Other Pacific Islander.

Parish—In Louisiana, a legal subdivision equivalent to a county.

Part-Time Employment—The employment status of an individual who works less than 35 hours per week at an income producing job.

Per Capita Money Income—The total money income for all persons within a geographic location is divided by the total number of persons in that location to produce a per capita income estimate. In order to be consistent with the decennial census, the Census Bureau compiles income estimates for the prior calendar year and divides by the present year's estimated mid-year population. It is used as a means of comparing the relative income of various geographies regardless of the size of the population.

Per Capita Personal Income—This income measure is the total personal income of the residents of a given area divided by the resident population of the area. Per capita personal income is often used as an indicator of the quality of consumer markets and of the economic well-being of the residents of an area.

Percent Change—Change from two points in time expressed as a percentage. An example would be the percent change in population from 1990 to 2000, where 1990 population is subtracted from 2000 population and then divided by the 1990 population and multiplied by 100. 2000 minus 1990 divided by 1990 times 100.

Personal Contributions for Social Insurance—These include the following programs: old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (social security); hospital insurance and supplemental medical insurance (medicare); state unemployment insurance; government employee retirement; railroad retirement; veterans life insurance; and temporary disability insurance.

Personal Dividend Income—This component of personal income consists of payments in cash or other assets, excluding stock, by corporations organized for profit to noncorporate stockholders who are U.S. residents. For the state and local area estimates, this component is combined with personal interest income and rental income of persons.

Personal Income—Personal income is the income received by persons from all sources—that is, from participation in production, from both government and business transfer payments, and from government interest. Personal income is measured as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, proprietors' income, rental income of persons, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and transfer payments, less personal contributions for social insurance. See also Persons, Wages and salaries, Other labor income, Proprietors' income, Rental income of persons, Personal dividend income, Personal interest income, Transfer payments, and Personal contributions for social insurance. A concept developed by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Personal Interest Income—This component of personal income is the interest income of persons from all sources. In addition to monetary interest, personal interest income includes imputed interest, which is paid by corporate financial business. The imputed interest paid by life insurance carriers and noninsured pension plans credits their investment income to persons in the year in which it is earned. The imputed interest paid by financial intermediaries other than life insurance carriers and private noninsured pension plans represents the value to persons of financial services for which they are not explicitly charged. For the state and local area estimates, it is combined with personal dividend income and rental income of persons.

Polygon—A class of spatial objects having area and perimeter, and representing a closed boundary region of uniform characteristics.

Population—Total population is a count or estimate of all people living in a given geographic area and generally includes people living in group quarters, such as colleges, hospitals, institutions, and nursing homes, as well as armed forces personnel permanently assigned to the area.

Population by Age and Sex—Considering population by age groups is useful for understanding market or service areas, for calculating projections and for planning. For example, the 12- to 17-year-old population is a favorite target of those marketing soft drinks and compact disks. Several of the age groups are also associated with lifestyle stages such as the preschoolers (0-5 years), teenagers (12-17 years), and young adults (18-24 years), or retired persons (65+).

Population Density—Population divided by the county's square miles of land area. A simple basis for relating population to a county's size. Thus, two counties with the same population can have sharply divergent densities because of difference in land area. The figure may suffer because the land area will include railroad freight yards, wildlife preserves, industrial parks and other nonresidential areas, resulting in a misleading density level. (total population / land area).

Population per Square Mile—A measure of population density where the population is divided by the land area.

Population Projections—Cohort-component methodology was used to project the population of Indiana's 92 counties. For each five year period, the population is projected for individual age/sex cohorts and separately by the components of change—mortality, migration, and fertility. The cohort-component method is based on the traditional demographic accounting system:

P1 = P0 + B - D + NM, where

P1 = population at the end of the period
P0 = population at the beginning of the period
B = births during the period
D = deaths during the period
NM = net migration during the period

This model uses birth, death, and migration data, with the 1990 Census as the jump-off population. The population is projected to a July 1 date.

Poverty Thresholds—Poverty thresholds are based on the Social Security Administration's definition of the minimum income that allows for a nutritionally adequate diet and adequate housing. It allows for differences in the size and composition of families. The poverty income cutoffs are revised annually to allow for changes in the cost of living as reflected in the Consumer Price Index.

Projections of Income and Employment—Produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, two series are presented in this book: projections of income and employment for the 50 States and projections for Indiana counties. Each series uses a different methodology and were produced at different points in time. It is suggested that the choice of which Indiana projection to be used be determined by whether one is comparing states or counties.

Proprietors' Income—This component is the current-production income of sole proprietorships and partnerships and of tax-exempt cooperatives. The imputed net rental income of owner-occupants of farm dwellings is included.

Q, R

Race—For statistical purposes, racial categories are prescribed by the Office of Management and Budget for use by federal agencies collecting statistical data. Many state and non-profit organizatiions use the same race categories, but often add or eliminate certain categories. The concept of race as used by the Census Bureau reflects self-identification; it does not denote any clear-cut scientific definition of biological stock. The data for race represent self-classification by people according to the race with which they most closely identify. The racial classification used generally adheres to the guidelines issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

White—Includes persons who indicated their race as "White" or reported entries such as Canadian, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.
Black—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Black or Negro" or reported entries such as African American, Afro-American, Black Puerto Rican, Jamaican, Nigerian, West Indian, or Haitian. (The Factbook opted for the now more widely used African-American).
Aleut—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Aleut" or reported entries such as Alutiiq, Egegik, and Pribilovian.
American Indian—Includes persons who indicated their race as "American Indian," entered the name of an Indian tribe, or reported such entries as Canadian Indian, French-American Indian, or Spanish-American Indian.
Eskimo—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Eskimo" or reported entries such as Arctic Slope, Inupiat, and Yupik.
Asian—Includes persons who classified themselves as such in one of the following specific race categories: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Other Asian.
Pacific Islander—Includes persons who indicated their race as "Pacific Islander" or reported entries such as: Hawaiian, Samoan, Guamanian, Other Pacific Islander.
Other Race—Includes all other persons not included in the "White," "Black," "American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut," and the "Asian or Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Persons reporting in the "Other race" category and providing write-in entries such as multiracial, multiethnic, mixed, interracial, or a Spanish/Hispanic origin group (such as Mexican, Cuban, or Puerto Rican) are in this category.

Real Dollars—In reference to financial or income items, it denotes the adjustment for inflation. The Factbook used the personal consumption deflator in its calculations. Real percent change is calculated using the following formula:

R$ = (N - (O / (P/C))) / (O / (P/C)) * 100, where

R$ = real dollars
N = current year value
O = past year value
C = Implicit price deflator, personal consumption expeditures, current year
P = Implicit price deflator, personal consumption expeditures, past year

Renter-Occupied—Housing units which rented in structrues that range from a duplex or multi-family apartment building.

Residence (place of)—Income is recorded either by place of work or by place of residence. By definition, personal income is a measure of income where received, and the state and local area estimates of total personal income reflect the residence of the recipient.

Resident—In the context of measuring personal income, resident refers to individuals. Individuals actually residing in a county are counted as residents. Military personnel are considered residents of the county in which they are stationed (or of an adjacent county if they commute daily), even though they may consider themselves permanent residents of another county. Wages that workers earn during short temporary assignments away from their usual places of work are assigned to their usual places of residence. Similarly, tourists or others in such a temporary status are not counted as residents. Seasonal migrant workers are considered residents of the area in which their work is performed, with wages assigned to the county where a worker lives while earning the wages. Persons located abroad and foreign citizens employed by international organizations and by foreign embassies and consulates in the U.S. are not counted as residents of any county, and their income is excluded from personal income. The concept of residence as it relates to personal income refers to the location where the income to be measured is received rather than to usual, permanent, or legal residence. This treatment differs from that of the Census Bureau, which counts many seasonal and short-term workers at their usual place of residence, even if they are living and working elsewhere at the time the information is gathered.

Residence Adjustment—This adjustment is made to wages and salaries, other labor income, and personal contributions for social insurance (with minor exceptions) to place them on a place-of-residence (where-received) basis. The adjustment is necessary because these components of personal income are estimated from data that are reported by place of work (where earned).

Resident Employment—The number of an area's residents that are employed, as compared to at-place employment which refers to the number of persons employed in an area whether or not they reside in the area.

Rural—Territory and population not classified as urban constitute rural, generally places of less than 2,500 persons (for more detail, see Urban).

S

School Enrollment—In the census, the School Enrollment category provides data based on those households with individuals 3 years of age or older enrolled in both private and public schools. School enrollment from the Indiana Department of Education and the National Center for Education Statistics is for enrollment in kindergarten through high school.

Specified Housing Units—Includes only one-family houses on less than 10 acres without a business or medical office on the property. The data for "specified" units exclude mobile homes, houses with a business or medical office, houses on 10 or more acres, and housing units in multi-unit buildings.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)—This system is used in the classification of establishments by the type of activity in which they are engaged. An establishment is defined as an economic unit, generally at a single physical location, where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. The SIC is designed to cover all economic activity, public as well as private. Its structure consists of the following: Divisions (e.g., manufacturing); major groups, or two-digit levels (e.g., food and kindred products); three-digit levels (e.g., meat products); and four-digit levels (e.g., meat packing plants). Each establishment is assigned an industry code on the basis of its primary activity. The SIC, which is revised from time to time to reflect the changing industrial structure of the economy, is published by the Office of Management and Budget in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual.

State—A state is the primary division of the United States. The District of Columbia is treated as a state and as a "county" in most of our tables and profiles.

T

Tenure—The status of an occupied dwelling unit as either owned or rented.

Thematic Map—A type of map which uses a variety of graphic styles (e.g., colors or fill patterns) to display information about the map's underlying data. Thus, a thematic map of population might show one region in deep red (to indicate the population density in that region is high), while showing another region in very pale red (to indicate the population density in that region is relatively low).

Transfer Payments—This component of personal income consists of income payments to persons for which no current services are performed. These are payments by government and business to individuals and nonprofit institutions. Generally, they are paid in monetary form; major exceptions are food stamps and medical vendor payments. Government transfer payments to nonprofit institutions exclude payments for work under research and development contracts.

U, V

Unemployed Persons—Civilians in the labor force 16 years old and older who do not currently hold jobs but are actively looking for work and are available to accept employment.

Unemployment Rate—The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.

Units in Structure—A structure is a separate building that either has open spaces on all sides or is separated from other structures by dividing walls that extend from ground to roof. Census of Housing data exclude stores and office space.

Urban—Places of 2,500 or more persons in incorporated places (cities and towns), but excluding the rural portions or "extended cities" and Census designated places of 2,500 or more persons (e.g. Granger, Indiana).

Urbanized Area (UA)—Urbanized Areas are defined by the US Census Bureau "to provide a better separation of urban and rural territory, population, and housing in the vicinity of large places". A complete explanation of UA's, and of the criteria for delineating them, can be found on the Census Bureau's http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/urdef.txt web site. These Urbanized Areas are used, by both government and private agencies, as a basis for determining whether specified locations ought to be considered urban (within a UA) or rural (not within any UA).

Vacancy Rate—Residential Vacancy Rate is the percentage of total housing units that are unoccupied.

Value—Value is the respondent's estimate of how much the property (house and lot, mobile home and lot, or condominium unit) would sell for if it were for sale (at time of enumeration). If the house or mobile home was owned or being bought, but the land on which it sits was not, the respondent was asked to estimate the combined value of the house or mobile home and the land.

W, X, Y, Z

Wages and Salaries—This component of personal income is defined as the monetary remuneration of employees; this remuneration includes the compensation of corporate officers; commissions, tips, and bonuses; voluntary employee contributions to certain deferred compensation plans such as 401(k) plans; and receipts in kind, or pay-in-kind, that represent income. Wage and salary disbursements are measured before deductions, such as social security contributions and union dues, and they reflect the amount of wages and salaries disbursed, but not necessarily earned, during the year.

White—Includes persons who indicated their race as "White" or reported entries such as Canadian, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.

ZCTA—Zip code tabulation area, a special construct of the US Census Bureau for its various data sets, particularly Census 2000 and the County Business Patterns.

Zip Code—Administrative units established by the United States Postal Service (USPS) for the efficient distribution of mail. ZIP Codes generally do not respect political or census statistical area boundaries, nor do they usually have clearly identifiable boundaries. In addition, ZIP Codes often serve a continually changing area, are changed periodically to meet postal requirements and do not cover all the land area of the United States. The first three digits of the five-digit code identify a major city or sectional distribution center while the last two digits signify a specific post office delivery area or point.